Ovarian

Ovarian refers to the ovaries, the pair of almond-shaped glands in the female reproductive system. Located in the pelvis on either side of the uterus, each ovary contains follicles that house developing oocytes. The ovaries produce female gametes through ovulation and secrete the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and influence fertility, libido, and secondary sexual characteristics. The term is used to describe anatomy, physiology, and disorders involving these glands.

Common ovarian conditions include ovarian cysts, which are fluid-filled sacs that form on or within the gland; most cysts are benign and temporary. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a widespread hormonal disorder marked by irregular menstrual cycles, excess androgens, and multiple ovarian follicles. Ovarian cancer, most often of epithelial origin, is a major gynecologic malignancy; risk increases with age and family history, and symptoms may be nonspecific until advanced stages. Ovarian function declines with age, leading to menopause when ovulation ceases and estrogen production falls.

Diagnosis of ovarian disorders typically involves pelvic examination and imaging, usually ultrasound; blood tests such as CA-125 or HE4 may be used in certain settings but are not specific for screening. Management varies by condition, ranging from observation for simple cysts to medical therapy for PCOS. Ovarian cancer treatment commonly includes surgery to remove the ovaries (and often the uterus) followed by chemotherapy or targeted therapy; fertility considerations are important for reproductive-age patients. When ovaries are removed or fail, menopause-like symptoms may occur due to the loss of ovarian hormones.