Orthosis

An orthosis is a medical device worn externally to support, align, immobilize, or correct deformities and to improve function of a part of the body. Orthoses are designed for the spine, limbs, or joints and may be used after injury, in deformities, or to manage chronic conditions. They differ from prostheses, which replace a missing body part.

Common categories include foot orthoses (footbeds and insoles), ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs), knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs), hip-knee-ankle-foot orthoses, thoracolumbosacral orthoses (TLSOs), and cervical collars. They can be custom-made to a patient’s anatomy or prefabricated and adjustable. They may be passive, relying on materials and geometry, or dynamic with components that allow controlled movement.

Manufacture and fitting involve orthotists or other clinicians who may use plaster casting, 3D scanning, or modular systems. Materials include lightweight thermoplastics, carbon fiber, metal alloys, and padding fabrics. Proper fitting requires careful measurement, padding, and regular skin inspection to avoid pressure sores and irritation.

Indications for orthoses include stabilization after fracture or surgery, correction or control of scoliosis, management of neuromuscular conditions (such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy), arthritis, immobilization to promote healing, and prevention of deformity. They may aim to improve gait, balance, pain relief, or overall function.

Risks and considerations include potential skin breakdown, pressure injuries, restricted circulation, or impaired mobility if fit is poor. Regular follow-up is recommended to adjust the device as the patient grows or as needs change. The effectiveness of an orthosis depends on appropriate selection, fitting, and patient adherence.