Numerot

Numerot, Finnish for numbers, denote the abstract entities used for counting, measuring, labeling, and calculations. In mathematics, numbers form the basis of arithmetic, algebra, analysis, and applied disciplines. The term numerot also appears in ordinary Finnish to refer to quantities, digits, and numeral symbols.

Standard classifications include natural numbers (0, 1, 2, ...), integers (positive, negative, and zero), rational numbers (fractions of integers), real numbers (which include irrational values), and complex numbers (numbers with a real and an imaginary part). More advanced notions include ordinal numbers, which describe order types, and cardinal numbers, which measure the size of sets. Modern mathematics also considers broader systems such as p-adic numbers or hyperreal numbers.

Numerals and numeral systems are the written representations of numerot. The Hindu-Arabic numeral system is dominant worldwide, using ten digits and place value to express any size of number. Other numeral systems include Roman numerals, Devanagari digits, or binary, octal, and hexadecimal bases used in computing.

Historically, numeral concepts emerged in ancient civilizations. Early counting methods in Mesopotamia and Egypt evolved into positional decimal notation in India, which spread through the Islamic world to Europe during the Middle Ages, enabling precise arithmetic and the development of modern science.

In science and technology, numerot enable measurement, data analysis, simulations, and algorithms. They underpin theories in physics and engineering, support numerical methods in applied mathematics, and form the basis of computing, where information is encoded numerically.