Nukleinsavszekvenálás

Nukleinsavszekvenálás, or nucleic acid sequencing, is a laboratory technique used to determine the exact order of nucleotides within a DNA or RNA molecule. This order, or sequence, contains the genetic information that dictates the characteristics of living organisms. The process involves breaking down the nucleic acid into smaller fragments, then determining the sequence of each fragment. These smaller sequences are then computationally reassembled to reconstruct the original, complete sequence.

Historically, methods like the Sanger sequencing, also known as the chain-termination method, were widely used. This technique relies on using modified nucleotides that stop DNA replication at specific points, creating fragments of varying lengths. The lengths and the terminal nucleotide of these fragments are then analyzed to deduce the original sequence. More recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized the field, offering significantly higher throughput and lower costs. NGS methods often employ a "sequencing by synthesis" approach, where DNA fragments are amplified and then sequenced in massive parallel reactions.

The applications of nucleic acid sequencing are vast and continue to expand. In biology and medicine, it is crucial for understanding gene function, identifying genetic mutations associated with diseases, and developing personalized medicine approaches. It plays a vital role in evolutionary studies, forensics, agriculture, and the development of new therapeutics. The ability to accurately read the genetic code has fundamentally transformed our understanding of life.