Normalvidenskab

Normalvidenskab is a term coined by the philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn in his influential book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions." It refers to the period of scientific activity that occurs between scientific revolutions. During normal science, a particular scientific paradigm is accepted as the dominant framework for research within a specific field. This paradigm provides a set of theories, laws, methods, and standards that guide the work of scientists.

The primary goal of normal science is not to discover new phenomena or challenge existing theories. Instead, it focuses on the "puzzle-solving" activities that arise within the accepted paradigm. Scientists working in normal science aim to articulate and extend the implications of the prevailing theory, to measure and quantify phenomena with greater precision, and to resolve minor anomalies that do not fundamentally threaten the established framework. It is a cumulative and systematic process where the focus is on refinement rather than radical innovation.

Kuhn argued that normal science is characterized by a shared understanding and commitment to the existing paradigm. Scientists typically do not question the foundational assumptions of their field. Instead, they operate within its boundaries, using its tools and methods to solve problems that the paradigm itself defines as important. This period of stability allows for the accumulation of detailed knowledge and technological advancements. However, if anomalies accumulate and become too significant to be explained within the current paradigm, it can eventually lead to a crisis, paving the way for a scientific revolution and the emergence of a new paradigm.