Nitrometaani

Nitrometaani, known in English as nitromethane, is a clear, colorless liquid with the molecular formula CH3NO2. It is a nitrated derivative of methane and belongs to the family of alkyl nitrites. The compound is volatile and has a boiling point of 101 °C. Its density is 1.18 g cm⁻³ and it has a specific gravity of 1.18 relative to water.

Synthesis of nitrometaani is typically achieved by the nitration of methanol using nitric acid in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, or by the reaction of methyl iodide with silver nitrite. The process yields a product that requires careful temperature control to prevent decomposition. Purification commonly involves distillation under reduced pressure.

Nitrometaani is widely used as a solvent for high-temperature organic reactions, particularly in the synthesis of cyclopropanes via the Simmons–Smith reaction and in the preparation of Grignard reagents. It serves as a high-performance fuel additive in racing motors, where it can improve combustion efficiency in specially tuned engines. In the aerospace sector, it has historically been considered for use as a rocket propellant due to its energetic decomposition.

The compound is flammable, and its vapour can be explosive when mixed with air in proper proportions. Ingestion or inhalation of high concentrations can cause irritation of the respiratory tract and, in severe exposures, photochemical damage. Proper safety protocols, including the use of personal protective equipment and adequate ventilation, are essential when handling nitrometaani. Environmental exposure is limited by regulation, and its biodegradation rate is slow, necessitating careful waste disposal.