Neutropeniaa

Neutropenia, occasionally misspelled neutropeniaa, is defined as an abnormally low number of neutrophils, the white blood cells that protect against bacterial and fungal infections. Severity is described by the absolute neutrophil count (ANC): mild 1.0–1.5 x 10^9/L, moderate 0.5–1.0 x 10^9/L, and severe below 0.5 x 10^9/L.

Causes include reduced bone marrow production (chemotherapy, radiation, marrow disorders, nutritional deficiencies), increased destruction or sequestration (drugs, autoimmune conditions, hypersplenism), and transient shifts during infections. Treatments such as chemotherapy and hematologic malignancies are common contexts; many other medications can contribute.

Clinical features range from no symptoms to fever or signs of infection. Diagnosis relies on CBC with differential to determine ANC, and further evaluation may be needed if the neutropenia is persistent or unexplained, including bone marrow analysis in selected cases.

Management depends on severity and context. Mild neutropenia may be observed with treatment of underlying causes. Febrile neutropenia requires urgent evaluation and empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics after cultures. Growth factors (G-CSF) can shorten neutropenia in some patients. Preventive strategies include vaccination, dental and infection control, and prophylactic antimicrobials in high‑risk groups.

Prognosis varies with cause and comorbidity. Recovery of neutrophil counts often follows treatment modification or resolution of the underlying condition.