Neoplasmer

Neoplasmer, or neoplasms, are abnormal growths of tissue that arise from uncontrolled, clonal cell proliferation. They typically originate from genetic or epigenetic alterations that disrupt normal mechanisms of cell growth and death. Neoplasmer can be benign or malignant. Benign neoplasmer are usually well circumscribed, do not invade surrounding tissues, and rarely metastasize. Malignant neoplasmer invade nearby structures and may spread to distant sites through blood or lymphatic systems; these malignant neoplasmer are collectively referred to as cancers.

Classification is usually based on tissue of origin: carcinomas arise from epithelial cells; sarcomas from mesenchymal tissues; leukemias and lymphomas from hematopoietic cells; and various other types such as neural, germ cell, and thyroid neoplasmer exist. Histologic grade and stage help describe aggressiveness and extent in malignant neoplasmer.

Causes are heterogeneous and commonly involve acquired genetic mutations, inherited syndromes, environmental exposures (such as tobacco, radiation, certain chemicals), infections (like human papillomavirus), and lifestyle factors. The development typically involves clonal evolution with accumulation of driver mutations and genomic instability.

Diagnosis combines clinical assessment with imaging and tissue sampling. Definitive diagnosis rests on histopathology, often supported by immunohistochemistry and molecular studies to identify lineage and mutations.

Treatment depends on the type and stage and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and hormone-directed treatments. Benign neoplasmer may require observation or surgical removal if symptomatic. Prognosis varies widely and depends on histology, stage, and patient factors.

Where relevant, neoplasmer are tracked through grading and staging systems and managed by multidisciplinary teams.