Nefrolitiasista

Nefrolitiasista refers to the formation of kidney stones, also known as renal calculi or nephrolithiasis. These are hard, solid pieces of material that form in the kidneys, composed of minerals and salts found in urine. The most common type of kidney stone is calcium oxalate, but other types include uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones. The exact cause of kidney stone formation is not always clear, but several factors can contribute. These include insufficient fluid intake, leading to concentrated urine, which allows stone-forming substances to crystallize. Dietary factors, such as high intake of sodium, animal protein, or oxalate-rich foods, can also play a role. Certain medical conditions, like hyperparathyroidism, gout, and inflammatory bowel disease, increase the risk. Family history of kidney stones is another significant risk factor.

Symptoms of kidney stones can vary depending on their size, location, and ability to move. Small stones may pass unnoticed, causing no symptoms. Larger stones, however, can cause severe pain in the side and back, below the ribs. This pain, often described as renal colic, can radiate to the lower abdomen and groin. Other symptoms include blood in the urine (hematuria), nausea, vomiting, and frequent or painful urination. Diagnosis typically involves medical history, physical examination, urinalysis, blood tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or ultrasounds. Treatment approaches depend on the stone's size, type, and the patient's symptoms. Small stones may be managed with increased fluid intake and pain medication, encouraging them to pass naturally. Larger stones may require more invasive treatments like lithotripsy, which uses shock waves to break down the stones, or surgical procedures to remove them. Prevention strategies focus on maintaining adequate hydration, dietary modifications, and addressing underlying medical conditions.