Neerukivitõbi

Neerukivitõbi, also known as nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a medical condition characterized by the formation of stones in the kidneys. These stones, or calculi, are typically composed of mineral and salt deposits. They can vary in size from a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. The most common types of kidney stones are calcium oxalate stones, followed by uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones.

The exact cause of neerukivitõbi is not always clear, but several factors are believed to contribute to their formation. These include insufficient fluid intake, which leads to concentrated urine, allowing minerals to crystallize. Dietary factors, such as high intake of sodium, animal protein, and oxalate-rich foods, can also play a role. Certain medical conditions, like hyperparathyroidism, gout, and inflammatory bowel diseases, as well as some medications, can increase the risk.

The primary symptom of neerukivitõbi is severe pain, often described as renal colic, which typically starts in the flank or back and may radiate to the lower abdomen and groin. This pain can be intermittent and throbbing or constant and sharp. Other symptoms may include blood in the urine (hematuria), nausea, vomiting, and a frequent urge to urinate. Small stones may pass out of the body without causing significant symptoms, while larger stones can become lodged in the urinary tract, causing obstruction and intense pain.

Diagnosis usually involves imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scans, or X-rays to visualize the stones. Urine and blood tests can help identify the type of stone and underlying causes. Treatment depends on the size and location of the stones. Small stones may be managed with increased fluid intake and pain medication. Larger stones or those causing significant symptoms or obstruction may require medical procedures like lithotripsy (using shock waves to break up stones) or surgical removal. Prevention strategies focus on increasing fluid intake, dietary modifications, and managing underlying medical conditions.