Nasoendoscopy

Nasoendoscopy, also known as nasal endoscopy or nasoendoscopy, is a diagnostic procedure in which a thin endoscope is inserted through a nostril to inspect the nasal cavity, the ostiomeatal complex, the sinuses and the nasopharynx. It is commonly performed by ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialists and can be conducted with a flexible fiberoptic or a rigid nasal endoscope. The exam is usually done in an outpatient clinic and often requires topical anesthesia and nasal vasoconstrictor to reduce discomfort and bleeding.

During the procedure, the patient is seated. A local anesthetic spray for the nose, sometimes combined with a decongestant, is applied. The endoscope is then gently advanced along the nasal passage to visualize the inferior, middle turbinates, middle meatus, choanae, and the nasopharynx; in flexible systems, the examiner can maneuver to inspect the sinus ostia and posterior structures. The scope may be used to guide suction, obtain mucosal samples, or perform targeted topical therapies.

Indications include evaluation of nasal obstruction, chronic rhinosinusitis with or without polyps, recurrent epistaxis, suspected neoplasms, allergic or inflammatory nasal disease, and preoperative assessment for sinus or skull-base surgery. It can also assess the eustachian tube orifice and aid the diagnosis of swallowing disorders.

Risks are minimal but can include discomfort, coughing or gagging, and nosebleed. Contraindications include patient intolerance, severe nasal trauma, or significant coagulopathy; risks are mitigated by experienced operators and appropriate analgesia. Cleaning and disinfection or single-use equipment are essential for infection control.