Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles are particles with dimensions in the nanoscale, typically 1-100 nm in at least one dimension. Their small size yields large surface area to volume ratio and often quantum effects, leading to novel optical, electronic, and chemical properties compared with bulk materials.
Common types include metallic (gold, silver), metal oxides (titanium dioxide, zinc oxide), ceramic, polymeric, carbon-based (fullerenes,
Characterization and properties are assessed with techniques such as electron microscopy (TEM/SEM), dynamic light scattering for
Safety and regulation discuss potential toxicity due to small size, capacity to cross biological barriers, environmental