NaGradient
NaGradient refers to the electrochemical gradient of sodium ions (Na+) across a biological membrane. It results from the difference in Na+ concentration between the compartments (typically high extracellular Na+ and much lower intracellular Na+) and the electrical potential difference across the membrane. Together, these factors define a driving force for Na+ movement that can be exploited by channels, transporters, and pumps.
In many animal cells, extracellular Na+ is about 140 mM while the cytoplasm contains roughly 10–15 mM
The NaGradient underpins a range of physiological processes. In neurons and muscle cells, it powers action
Disruption of the gradient, whether by metabolic failure, toxins, or ischemia, impairs excitability and transport and