NRTN

NRTN is the gene that encodes neurturin, a secreted member of the GDNF family of neurotrophic factors. As part of the GDNF family ligands (GFLs), neurturin is synthesized as a precursor protein that is processed to a mature secreted factor involved in neuronal survival and growth.

Neurturin signals through a receptor complex composed of the GFRα2 co-receptor and the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. Binding of neurturin to GFRα2 enables RET activation and downstream signaling that supports neuronal survival, differentiation, and neurite outgrowth in several neuronal populations, including components of the peripheral nervous system and certain central pathways. Expression of NRTN is observed in various tissues, notably the enteric nervous system, retina, motor and sensory ganglia, and spinal cord.

During development, neurturin contributes to the formation and maintenance of specific neural circuits, including enteric and some dopaminergic pathways. In adults, it continues to support neuron maintenance and regeneration in select contexts. Altered neurturin signaling has been investigated in models of neurodegenerative disease and injury.

In clinical research, neurturin has been explored as a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disorders and nerve injury, including Parkinson's disease, through gene therapy and protein delivery approaches. Trials have demonstrated safety but overall efficacy results have been variable or inconclusive, and no neurturin-based therapy has been approved for routine clinical use. Research continues into optimized delivery methods and patient selection.