Myrmecophile

Myrmecophile is an organism that has a close ecological association with ants (Formicidae). The relationship can be mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic, and many myrmecophiles spend at least part of their lives inside or near ant nests. The term derives from the Greek myrmex for “ant” and philos for “loving.”

Myrmecophiles employ a range of strategies to integrate into ant societies. Some mimic the colony’s chemical signals, using cuticular hydrocarbons to avoid detection or gain acceptance. Others secrete appeasement or nourishment substances that reduce aggression from the ants. The nature of the association varies from lifelong obligate relationships to opportunistic, context-dependent interactions, and the life stage during which the association occurs can be important (for example, parasitic larvae that exploit the nest brood).

Notable examples and groups. The butterfly genus Phengaris (formerly Maculinea) includes species whose larvae infiltrate Myrmica ant nests and become social parasites, feeding on ant brood while receiving care from the ants. Many Lycaenid butterfly larvae and pupae enter into mutualistic or commensal relationships with ants, often receiving protection in exchange for nectar or secretions. Various beetles, especially within the Staphylinidae (rove beetles), and other arthropods are known myrmecophiles, living in or near ant nests and interacting with the ants in diverse ways. Some mites and other invertebrates also associate with ants, ranging from commensal to parasitic.

Ecological and evolutionary context. Myrmecophily is widespread across ecosystems and reflects intricate coevolution between ants and their partners, influencing nest dynamics, foraging, and community structure. It highlights the diverse strategies organisms use to exploit, coexist with, or live inside ant social systems.