Myofasziale

Myofasciale refers to issues involving the myo (muscle) and the fascia, the connective tissue that surrounds and permeates muscles and other structures. The fascia forms a continuous network that contributes to stability, force transmission, movement, and proprioception. When the myofascial system is disrupted, it can lead to pain, stiffness, restricted range of motion, and altered movement patterns.

Fascia encompasses multiple layers including the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium, and contains collagen, elastin, and gel-like ground substance. It plays a role in force distribution and can become tense or resistant due to overuse, poor posture, injury, or inflammatory processes. Myofascial conditions often involve palpable taut bands within a muscle and may give rise to referred pain, tenderness, and functional limitations.

Myofascial pain syndrome is a common example, characterized by chronic regional pain associated with trigger points—hyperirritable areas within muscle tissue. Diagnosis is typically clinical, based on history and physical examination, with imaging or laboratory tests used to exclude other conditions when indicated.

Treatment aims to relieve pain and restore function and may include physical therapy, stretching, strengthening, postural training, and activity modification. Manual therapies such as myofascial release, massage, and trigger point therapy are widely used. Other modalities include dry needling, acupuncture, heat or cold therapy, and educational strategies to optimize ergonomics. Evidence supporting specific myofascial techniques is mixed, and outcomes vary by individual and method; more high-quality research is needed to establish long-term effectiveness.

Safety considerations include performing manual therapies by trained professionals and avoiding aggressive techniques in situations such as acute injury, fracture, infection, or coagulopathy.