Muskelfaszie

Muskelfaszie, or muscle fascia, is the network of dense connective tissue that surrounds, separates, and supports skeletal muscles and their groups. At different levels, fascia forms distinct sheaths: the epimysium encloses the entire muscle; the perimysium surrounds muscle fascicles; the endomysium wraps individual muscle fibers. The deep fascia extends beyond muscles to form intermuscular septa that partition compartments and connects with tendons. The superficial fascia lies beneath the skin and contains fat, nerves, and cutaneous vessels. Together, these layers unify muscle function and allow coordinated movement.

Fascia is primarily collagen, with elastin fibers and a ground substance rich in proteoglycans. It contains fibroblasts, small blood vessels, and nerves, and has viscoelastic, anisotropic properties. Its relatively limited vascularity can slow healing after injury. Proper hydration and movement influence fascia glide and stiffness.

Functions include transmission of muscular force to tendons and neighboring tissues, reduction of friction between muscles, and the organization of muscles into compartments. Fascia also hosts mechanoreceptors that contribute to proprioception and postural control. It plays a role in fluid distribution and tissue hydration.

Clinical relevance: fascia can develop adhesions, thickening, or tears after trauma, surgery, or repetitive strain. Conditions such as myofascial pain syndrome, plantar fasciitis, and exercise-related fascial injuries are described in the literature. In severe cases, increased intracompartmental pressure can cause compartment syndrome, sometimes requiring fasciotomy.

Note: Muskelfaszie is the German term for muscle fascia; in English-language anatomy, the term muscle fascia or fascial layers is used interchangeably.