Muharram

Muharram is the first month of the Islamic lunar calendar (the Hijri calendar). The name, derived from Arabic, means "forbidden" or "sacred," reflecting its status as one of the four sacred months in which fighting is traditionally restricted. The other sacred months are Dhu al-Qi'dah, Dhu al-Hijjah, and Rajab. Because the calendar is lunar, Muharram moves through the seasons and its Gregorian dates shift about 10 to 12 days earlier each year.

A central observance is Ashura, the 10th day of Muharram. In Sunni Islam, fasting on Ashura is a recommended practice, often observed individually or in combination with fasting on the day before. In Shia Islam, Ashura marks the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, at Karbala in 680 CE; it is typically observed with mourning rituals, processions, and remembrance that can span several days.

Muharram is also considered the beginning of the new Islamic year in many communities, though some regional calendars emphasize the month for spiritual reflection regardless of year counting. The extent and form of observance vary by country and community, particularly among Shi’a populations, where Muharram may include public mourning and commemorative events.

Rituals during Muharram emphasize devotion, restraint, and remembrance rather than festive celebration. Practices range from individual prayers and reflection to large public commemorations, reflecting the diverse cultural and religious expressions within the Muslim world.