Moonware

Moonware refers to a type of space debris generated by satellite-based space systems. This debris is typically caused by a malfunctioning or destroyed satellite, and can include fragments of the satellite itself, as well as debris from rocket stages, explosive ordnance, or other spacecraft components.

One of the primary sources of moonware is the Niobium-containing refractory rocket nozzles, which are used in some rocket engines. Due to their high melting points and the extreme temperatures generated by these engines, these nozzles can shatter into smaller pieces and burn up upon re-entry into Earth's atmosphere, leaving behind only fragments. In some cases, these fragments can then be swept into orbit, where they may become part of the lunar environment.

The moon itself can also play a role in the creation and accumulation of moonware. The Earth's moon has no substantial atmosphere to protect it from space debris, and it already accumulates micrometeorites. Once these micrometeorites land on the lunar surface, they can create craters and form new debris streams, further blurring the line between moonware and in-situ relics.

Understanding and tracking moonware is crucial for various space exploration and commercial activities. As lunar missions and space-based infrastructure continue to increase, it is essential to monitor and study the composition and distribution of moonware in order to manage debris risks and predict potential hazards to future lunar missions.