Monaco

Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state on the French Riviera in Western Europe. It covers about 2.02 square kilometers, making it one of the smallest independent states in the world, with a population of around 39,000. It is bordered by France on three sides and the Mediterranean Sea. The capital and seat of government is Monaco-Ville, while Monte Carlo is the best known district for tourism and gambling.

Monaco is an autonomous constitutional monarchy headed by the Prince of Monaco. The prince holds executive power, with a ministerial government led by a Minister of State; the unicameral National Council legislates. The principality maintains close ties with France, which handles defense and foreign affairs.

Economy: Monaco has a high-income service-based economy, with finance, commerce, and tourism forming the core. It is famous for the Monte Carlo Casino and the annual Formula One Monaco Grand Prix. The euro is used, although Monaco is not a member of the European Union.

Demographics and culture: The official language is French; Monégasque is a traditional language, and Italian and English are widely used. The population is highly urbanized and densely settled. Notable institutions include the Oceanographic Museum and the International University of Monaco.

History: The Grimaldi family has ruled Monaco since 1297, with brief interruptions. A 19th‑century treaty with France confirmed Monaco’s independence and ceded Menton and Roquebrune. The current constitutional framework dates from the 1960s, with later amendments.