Mobula

Mobula is a genus of cartilaginous fishes in the family Mobulidae, comprising several species commonly known as mobula rays or devil rays. They are related to the manta rays of the genus Manta and have historically been placed in various classifications; current taxonomy treats Mobula as a distinct genus. Mobula species are found in warm seas around the world, from coastal regions to open ocean, with distributions varying by species.

Physically, mobula rays have flattened bodies with broad pectoral fins that resemble wings, giving them a graceful, gliding appearance as they swim. They typically possess cephalic fins near the mouth and a ventral mouth adapted for feeding. Coloration and patterning differ among species, and many species can be identified by distinctive markings. They occupy a range of habitats, including tropical and subtropical waters, around reefs, continental shelves, and open water.

Mobula rays are filter feeders, primarily consuming plankton and small crustaceans. They swim with mouths open to funnel water through specialized gill rakers that trap food. Most mobula species are viviparous, giving birth to one or two live pups after a lengthy gestation period, often around a year.

Conservation and human interactions are significant for mobulas. They are threatened by bycatch in fisheries and targeted harvest for meat and, in particular, for gill plates used in traditional medicine in some markets. As a result, several mobula species are considered vulnerable or endangered by conservation organizations, and many are subject to international trade controls under agreements such as CITES. Ecotourism involving friendly encounters with rays has become an important, if carefully managed, activity in some regions.