Misconstruals

Misconstruals are incorrect interpretations of information, actions, or communication in which a receiver's conclusions diverge from the sender's intent or from the objective reality of a situation. They arise in everyday and formal contexts, including conversations, written texts, media, and social judgments. The term emphasizes the process of interpretation rather than the content itself.

Several factors contribute to misconstruals. Ambiguity in language, such as vague terms or sarcasm, can invite multiple readings. A lack of shared context or cultural background can shift meanings. Cognitive biases, emotional states, and selective attention can distort how evidence is weighed or what cues are noticed. Indirect speech, metaphors, and symbolic content are particularly prone to misconstrual if the audience lacks the background to interpret them correctly.

Misconstruals can take several forms, from trivial misunderstandings to systematic misreadings of another's motives. In interpersonal communication they can fuel conflict or damaged trust; in journalism and politics, they can shape public opinion; in legal or technical settings, they can lead to error or misapplication of rules.

Mitigating misconstruals relies on clarifying communication. Strategies include asking for confirmation, restating messages, providing explicit context, using precise language, and considering the audience's perspective. Encouraging feedback and allowing for correction helps align interpretations with intent.

See also misinterpretation, misperception, cognitive bias, pragmatics.