Mineralhomeostas

Mineralhomeostas, or mineral homeostasis, refers to the regulation of mineral ions in the body's fluids and tissues to support cellular function, signaling, and structural integrity. The term encompasses the management of major minerals such as calcium, phosphate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride, as well as trace elements like iron and zinc. Maintenance of mineral balance involves dynamic exchange among the gut, bones, kidneys, and extracellular fluids.

Key regulatory systems include intestinal absorption controlled by vitamin D status, renal reabsorption and excretion, and skeletal storage and release. Hormonal mediators include parathyroid hormone (PTH), active vitamin D (calcitriol), calcitonin, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). PTH increases calcium reabsorption in kidney, stimulates bone resorption, and promotes activation of vitamin D; calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate; FGF23 reduces phosphate reabsorption and lowers calcitriol levels. The balance is maintained by feedback loops that respond to serum calcium, phosphate, and other mineral levels.

Disruptions can occur in kidney disease, parathyroid disorders, malabsorption, or vitamin D deficiency, leading to abnormalities such as hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, or hyperphosphatemia. Normal mineral homeostasis supports bone health, neuromuscular function, enzyme activity, and acid-base balance. The concept also intersects with fluid and electrolyte regulation, and is influenced by age, nutrition, and circadian factors.