Mikronetzen

Mikronetzen, often translated as microgrids, are localized energy networks that can operate connected to the main electrical grid or independently in island mode. They typically combine distributed energy resources such as solar photovoltaic installations, small wind turbines, cogeneration units, and energy storage with an intelligent control system. The goal is to reliably supply electricity to a defined area—such as a university campus, hospital complex, industrial park, or rural community—while enabling higher integration of renewable energy and reducing transmission losses.

Operation and architecture: Mikronetzen can be designed with centralized or distributed control. They monitor generation, storage state of charge, and load demand to maintain voltage and frequency within specified limits. When connected to the grid, they exchange power as needed; during outages, they can island and sustain critical loads from local resources. Advanced control strategies enable smooth transitions between grid-connected and island modes and may participate in grid services such as frequency regulation or voltage support.

Benefits and challenges: Potential benefits include improved resilience during natural disasters, increased energy reliability, reduced peak demand, and better penetration of renewables. Challenges include high upfront costs, regulatory and tariff hurdles, interoperability among equipment from different vendors, and cybersecurity risks. Economic viability often depends on local incentives, tariff structures, and long-term demand profiles.

Applications and examples: Mikronetzen are used in university campuses, hospitals, remote settlements, industrial parks, and municipal utilities. Regulatory environments differ by country, but many regions recognize microgrids as tools for reliability, decarbonization, and grid modernization.