Mikroelements

Mikroelements, commonly referred to as trace elements, are chemical elements required by living organisms in small amounts for normal physiological function. They are essential cofactors for enzymes and other proteins, influence growth, development, and metabolism, and their precise intake is important because both deficiency and excess can cause harm.

In humans and animals, typical micronutrients include iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, and fluoride. Some lists also consider nickel and vanadium as trace elements with roles that are less clearly defined. Plants also rely on trace elements such as boron, copper, manganese, zinc, iron, molybdenum, and nickel for growth and reproductive processes.

Deficiency diseases arise when intake or absorption is insufficient, such as iron deficiency anemia, iodine deficiency disorders, zinc deficiency, and selenium deficiency. Excess intake can be toxic; iron overload, copper accumulation, fluoride fluorosis, and selenosis are potential risks. The required amounts depend on age, sex, life stage, and health status.

Micronutrient status is assessed by measuring concentrations in blood, urine, or hair, and intake is guided by dietary reference intakes issued by health authorities. Dietary sources include meat, seafood, dairy, grains, vegetables, and fortified foods; absorption can be influenced by dietary factors such as phytates, vitamin C, and mineral interactions.