Mikroelementit

Mikroelementit, or trace elements, are minerals required by living organisms in small amounts for normal growth, development, and health. They function mainly as enzyme cofactors and structural components within proteins and hormones. Because their margins between deficiency and toxicity can be narrow, precise intake is important, and needs vary by age, sex, pregnancy, and health status.

In humans, commonly recognized essential mikroelementit include iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iodine (I), selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo) and cobalt (Co, as part of vitamin B12). These elements participate in diverse biological processes, such as oxygen transport (iron), antioxidant defense (selenium), thyroid hormone synthesis (iodine), metabolism (chromium, zinc, manganese), and energy production (iron, copper, molybdenum).

Deficiencies can lead to specific health problems. Iron deficiency causes anemia and fatigue; iodine deficiency affects thyroid function and development; zinc deficiency impairs immune function and wound healing; selenium deficiency is linked to reduced antioxidant protection and thyroid issues. Conversely, excessive intakes can be toxic, potentially causing organ damage or metabolic disturbances, underscoring the importance of balanced intake and monitoring, especially with supplements or fortified foods.

Dietary sources are varied: meat, fish, eggs, dairy, grains, legumes, nuts, vegetables, and fruit contribute different mikroelementit. Some elements are added to foods through fortification or supplementation to prevent deficiencies. National dietary guidelines provide population-specific recommendations to maintain adequate levels without risk of excess.