Microunits

Microunits are standardized functional blocks used in micro-scale systems such as microfluidic devices and lab-on-a-chip platforms. Each microunit performs a discrete operation, for example fluid actuation, mixing, separation, sensing, or reaction containment. The term emphasizes small size, modularity, and interoperability, rather than a formal measurement unit.

Typically, microunits are designed to be interoperable with common connectors or footprints, enabling rapid prototyping by combining multiple units into a single system. They are fabricated using microfabrication techniques such as soft lithography, micro-molding, or MEMS processes, and can be made from polymers (e.g., PDMS), glass, silicon, or rugged plastics. Typical dimensions range from tens to hundreds of micrometers, though this varies by application.

Common examples include microvalves that regulate flow, micropumps that move fluids, mixing modules that create controlled reagent blends, microheaters for thermal control, reaction chambers for chemical or biochemical reactions, and integrated sensors for readout. In an integrated platform, microunits are connected through standardized interfaces for fluid, electrical, and optical signals, enabling scalable workflows.

Developers pursue modular microunit ecosystems to shorten design cycles, reduce complexity, and facilitate education and rapid prototyping. Although not yet universally standardized, several groups advocate common footprints, fluidic port spacing, and interface conventions to promote plug-and-play assembly.

See also: microfluidics, lab-on-a-chip, MEMS, modular hardware, soft lithography.