Metonüümia

Metonüümia, or metonymy, is a figure of speech in which something is referred to by the name of something closely associated with it rather than by its own name. The term comes from the Greek metónymía, literally “change of name,” from metón “after, beyond” and onoma “name.” Metonymy relies on contiguity or association rather than similarity, which distinguishes it from metaphor.

In practice, metonymy substitutes a related object, place, or institution for the concept being discussed. Common examples include “the White House announced,” using a government building to stand for its officials; “the crown” for the monarchy; and “Hollywood” for the film industry. Metonymy can use objects, places, people, or events that are strongly linked to the intended sense.

Relation to other figures: synecdoche is often treated as a subtype of metonymy, where a part stands for a whole (e.g., “hands” meaning workers) or vice versa. Some scholars maintain a clear distinction, while others emphasize overlap between the two.

Usage and function: metonymy is widespread in literature, journalism, advertising, and everyday language. It allows concise expression and evokes broader associations within a culture. In linguistic and cognitive studies, metonymy is viewed as a mechanism by which speakers extend meaning through contextual linkage between domains, enabling efficient communication and rhetorical effect.