Metic

A metic (plural metics) was a resident foreigner in ancient Greek city-states, most notably in Athens, who lived within the city but did not possess full citizenship. The term metoikoi referred to free non-citizens who contributed to urban life as merchants, artisans, and professionals, among others. Metics played a significant role in the economy and culture of their cities, while lacking political rights enjoyed by citizens.

In Athens, the legal status of metics was defined by a combination of duties and restrictions. They were required to register with the polis and pay an annual or periodic tax known as the metoikon or metoikonion. Metics could own a home and operate businesses in the city, but generally could not own land in Attica and could not participate in the democratic institutions, such as voting or holding political office. They could sue and be sued in the courts, and their legal interactions with citizens were regulated; in some cases they needed a citizen sponsor to facilitate legal or business matters. Military service for metics was limited or structured differently from that of citizens, and their social integration depended in part on religious and civic practices.

Notable metics include Aspasia, the companion of Pericles, who was renowned in Athens despite lacking citizenship. Metics could participate in many religious cults and public festivals, and their presence helped sustain urban economies and cultural life. The status of metics varied across Greek city-states and evolved over time, but in most poleis they remained outside the citizen body, illustrating the complex spectrum of rights and identity in ancient Greek political systems.