Meteorologi

Meteorologi, or meteorology in English, is the scientific study of the Earth's atmosphere and its processes, especially as they relate to weather and climate. It seeks to understand how energy and moisture move through the atmosphere and interact with the surface to produce phenomena such as clouds, precipitation, wind, and storms.

The field relies on observations, theory, and modeling. Data come from ground-based weather stations, radiosondes, weather radars, satellites, and ocean buoys. These observations feed into physical and mathematical models that describe atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics, radiation, and chemistry. Numerical weather prediction models, often using data assimilation techniques, produce forecasts of future weather states.

Subfields include synoptic meteorology, which analyzes large-scale weather systems; mesoscale meteorology, which examines smaller-scale phenomena like thunderstorms and local winds; and climate meteorology, which studies long-term atmospheric patterns and variability. Atmospheric science more broadly covers the fundamental physics and chemistry of the atmosphere and its interactions with the oceans and land.

Applications of meteorology are wide-ranging. They include weather forecasting for daily life and safety, severe-weather warnings, aviation and maritime operations, agriculture, water management, and climate research. The discipline also contributes to environmental monitoring, disaster preparedness, and understanding human impacts on the atmosphere.

Historically, modern meteorology developed from systematic weather observations, the use of telegraphic weather charts, the advent of radar and satellites, and the rise of computer-based models that enable probabilistic forecasting and scenario analysis.