Metastasointi

Metastasointi refers to the process by which cancer cells spread from the primary site of origin to other parts of the body. This process is a critical factor in the progression of cancer and is often associated with a significant decrease in survival rates. Metastasis involves several steps, including the invasion of cancer cells into surrounding tissues, entry into the bloodstream or lymphatic system, survival during transit, and establishment of new tumors at distant sites.

The spread of cancer cells can occur through various mechanisms. Local invasion involves the direct extension of cancer cells into nearby tissues. Hematogenous spread occurs when cancer cells enter the bloodstream and are carried to distant organs, such as the lungs, liver, or bones. Lymphatic spread involves the movement of cancer cells through the lymphatic system, often leading to the formation of metastases in lymph nodes.

Metastasis is a complex process that requires cancer cells to undergo significant changes, including the loss of adhesion to neighboring cells and the acquisition of migratory and invasive properties. These changes are often driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations that enable cancer cells to survive in foreign environments and establish new tumors.

The treatment of metastatic cancer can be challenging and often involves a combination of therapies, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. The prognosis for patients with metastatic cancer varies depending on the type of cancer, the extent of metastasis, and the overall health of the patient. Early detection and intervention are crucial for improving outcomes in patients with metastatic cancer.