Menstruate

Menstruate refers to the regular shedding of the uterine lining through the vagina as part of the menstrual cycle. It typically occurs in people with a uterus who have not become pregnant, though not everyone who menstruates identifies as female. The cycle is driven by hormonal changes and often recurs at roughly monthly intervals.

During the menstrual cycle, estrogen and progesterone regulate the thickening of the endometrium. The cycle has phases: a follicular phase, ovulation around mid-cycle, and a luteal phase. If fertilization does not occur, hormone levels fall, the endometrium is shed, and menstrual bleeding begins. Typical cycle length ranges from about 21 to 35 days, with bleeding lasting 3 to 7 days. Blood loss is commonly around 30 to 80 milliliters, though there is wide individual variation.

Experiences during menstruation vary widely. Common symptoms include abdominal cramps, bloating, breast tenderness, and mood changes. Menstrual patterns can be influenced by age, health, medications, and pregnancy; some individuals may have irregular cycles, heavy menstrual bleeding, or amenorrhea. Menstruation is a normal aspect of reproductive biology, not a disease; persistent severe symptoms or very heavy bleeding should be evaluated by a clinician.