Menopaasin

Menopaasin, commonly referred to as menopause, is the permanent end of menstruation and fertility resulting from the decline of ovarian follicular activity. It most often occurs in midlife, typically between ages 45 and 55, with a median age around 51. The transition into menopause is called perimenopause and can include irregular cycles and various symptoms.

Menopause is diagnosed retrospectively after 12 consecutive months without menses. In many people, the years after menopause are described as postmenopause. Common symptoms during the transition include hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disturbances, mood changes, vaginal dryness, and reduced libido; some also experience urinary symptoms.

Physiology: reduced estrogen and other hormones from aging ovaries lead to systemic changes. Long-term effects include higher risks of osteoporosis and shifts in cardiovascular health, which influence management decisions.

Diagnosis and management: clinical diagnosis; tests are not routinely required unless another condition is suspected. Treatments aim to relieve symptoms and protect bone and heart health. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is effective for vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy but carries risks and is not suitable for all. Non-hormonal options include certain antidepressants, gabapentin, and lifestyle measures such as regular exercise, weight management, smoking cessation, and adequate calcium and vitamin D. Local vaginal estrogen therapies can help dryness.

Long-term considerations include monitoring osteoporosis risk and cardiovascular health, as well as cancer screening. An individualized approach that weighs benefits and risks, guided by medical history and preferences, is recommended.