Meläna

Meläna is a term used in medicine to describe the presence of dark, tarry stools. This discoloration is typically caused by the presence of blood that has been digested as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract. The color can range from dark brown to black and often has a sticky consistency. The source of the bleeding is usually in the upper part of the digestive system, such as the esophagus, stomach, or the first part of the small intestine.

The underlying causes of meläna can vary widely. Common reasons include peptic ulcers, which are sores in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. Gastritis, an inflammation of the stomach lining, and esophagitis, inflammation of the esophagus, can also lead to bleeding. Certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and aspirin, can irritate the stomach lining and increase the risk of bleeding. More serious, though less common, causes can include tumors in the upper gastrointestinal tract or severe esophageal varices, often associated with liver disease.

Diagnosing the cause of meläna typically involves a medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. These tests may include a stool test to confirm the presence of blood, blood tests to assess for anemia or other underlying conditions, and endoscopic procedures such as esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) to visualize the upper gastrointestinal tract and identify the source of bleeding. Treatment depends entirely on the underlying cause, ranging from medication to manage ulcers or inflammation to more invasive procedures to stop active bleeding.