Meluhans

Meluhans refers to the ancient civilization that inhabited the Indus Valley. Their civilization flourished around 3300 to 1300 BCE, with its mature period dating from 2600 to 1900 BCE. The name "Meluhans" is derived from the Sumerian cuneiform texts, which refer to a trading partner and a region known as Meluḫḫa. Archaeologists widely believe Meluhans to be the people of the Indus Valley Civilization, or at least a significant part of it.

The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the world's earliest urban cultures, characterized by sophisticated city planning, advanced sanitation systems, and standardized weights and measures. Major cities like Mohenjo-daro and Harappa featured grid-like street layouts, well-built brick houses, and elaborate water management systems, including public baths and drainage channels. The Meluhans were skilled artisans and traders, evidenced by the discovery of seals, pottery, and artifacts that suggest extensive trade networks reaching as far as Mesopotamia. Their script, known as the Indus script, remains undeciphered, posing a significant challenge to understanding their language and history. The decline of the Meluhan civilization is a subject of ongoing research, with theories including climate change, environmental degradation, and shifts in trade routes.