Mechanoelectrical

Mechanoelectrical denotes the interactions between mechanical processes and electrical phenomena. It encompasses phenomena in which mechanical stimuli induce electrical responses, as well as devices and systems that transduce mechanical energy into electrical signals or convert electrical energy into mechanical motion. The term is used across physics, materials science, biology, and engineering to describe both fundamental mechanisms and practical applications.

Key mechanisms include the piezoelectric effect, where certain crystals generate electrical charge under mechanical stress; electrostriction, where electric fields induce strain; and triboelectric effects, where contact and separation between materials generate electrical charges. In biology, mechanoelectrical transduction occurs when mechanical deformation activates ion channels, producing an electrical signal, as seen in auditory hair cells.

Applications include sensors and actuators in MEMS and flexible electronics: pressure and tactile sensors that convert touch or pressure into voltage, accelerometers and vibration sensors, and energy harvesters that convert ambient mechanical energy from vibrations or motion into electricity, such as piezoelectric generators and triboelectric nanogenerators.

In engineering, mechanoelectrical systems often focus on efficient energy conversion, signal integrity, and integration with electronic circuitry. In contrast, electromechanical systems emphasize converting electrical energy to mechanical motion, such as motors and actuators, though the two areas overlap in transducer devices and smart materials.

Research directions include new piezoelectric and triboelectric materials, flexible and stretchable devices, biocompatible interfaces for medical implants, and improving durability and performance under real-world mechanical conditions.