Masochism

Masochism is a term used in psychology and sexuality to describe arousal or pleasure that is associated with experiencing pain, humiliation, or submission. It can refer to sexual fantasies, urges, or activities in which the person derives arousal from being controlled, bound, or subjected to pain. In contemporary contexts it is often discussed in relation to consensual BDSM practices, where all involved parties negotiate limits and safety measures.

The term derives from the name of Austrian writer Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, whose works depicted erotic masochistic themes; the word was popularized in the late 19th century by Krafft-Ebing and others. Historically masochism has been treated within psychiatry as a paraphilia, a condition characterized by atypical sexual interests.

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), sexual masochism disorder is recognized only when the fantasies, urges, or behaviors cause clinically significant distress or impairment, or are acted on with a non-consenting person. Many who engage in consensual masochistic activities do not meet criteria for a disorder; such activities may be part of negotiated BDSM practice with emphasis on consent, safety, and mutual respect.

Within BDSM communities, masochistic activities are typically conducted under explicit consent and negotiated boundaries, often using safewords and risk-aware practices to minimize harm. Potential risks include physical injury, anxiety, or compulsive behavior, underscoring the importance of informed consent and aftercare.

Research on the prevalence of sexual masochism is limited and varies by population; stigma and underreporting affect estimates. Masochism can be present in non-sexual contexts as well, related to broader personality traits or coping mechanisms, though sexual masochism is commonly studied as part of paraphilias and sexual health.