Maohaavandid

Maohaavandid, also known as peptic ulcers, are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach, the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum), or the lower esophagus. These sores occur when the protective mucous layer that lines these organs is eroded, allowing digestive acids to damage the underlying tissue.

The most common causes of maohaavandid are infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. H. pylori infection can inflame the stomach lining, while NSAIDs reduce the production of prostaglandins, which are important for maintaining the protective mucous barrier. Less common causes include Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, a rare condition that causes the stomach to produce too much acid.

Symptoms of maohaavandid can vary but often include a burning stomach pain that may worsen when the stomach is empty and improve after eating or taking antacids. Other symptoms can include bloating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and unexplained weight loss. In severe cases, bleeding can occur, leading to black, tarry stools or vomiting blood.

Diagnosis typically involves medical history, a physical examination, and tests such as an endoscopy to visualize the ulcer or a breath test, stool test, or blood test to detect H. pylori. Treatment strategies aim to reduce stomach acid and eradicate H. pylori if present. This often involves a combination of medications, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 blockers to reduce acid production, and antibiotics to kill H. pylori. Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding NSAIDs, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption, are also recommended.