Mantiqueira

Mantiqueira, commonly known as Serra da Mantiqueira, is a major mountain range in southeastern Brazil. It extends across portions of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, forming a highland corridor along the eastern edge of the Brazilian plateau. The range acts as a key watershed for several river systems and helps shape the climate and biodiversity of the region.

Geography and peaks: The Mantiqueira runs roughly parallel to the coast, with elevations reaching well above 2,700 meters. The highest points lie in the southern part of the range, near Itatiaia and other high-altitude areas, with prominent summits such as Pico das Agulhas Negras and Pedra da Mina attracting hikers and mountaineers. The topography combines rugged granite and quartzite outcrops with cloud forests and alpine-like meadows at higher elevations.

Ecology and climate: The altitude produces a temperate climate with cooler temperatures and frequent fog. The range preserves remnants of the Atlantic Forest, as well as montane grasslands and cloud-forest communities that host a diverse array of flora and fauna adapted to highland conditions.

Conservation and human use: The Mantiqueira includes protected areas such as Itatiaia National Park, Brazil’s oldest national park, along with state reserves and private preserves that safeguard highland ecosystems. The region supports ecotourism, trekking and mountaineering, as well as traditional activities in lower areas, including forestry and dairy farming in surrounding valleys. The Mantiqueira remains a critical water source for urban centers and agricultural regions in southeastern Brazil.