cloudforest

Cloud forest, or montane cloud forest, is a type of rainforest that occurs at high elevations where persistent cloud cover and high humidity envelop the forest canopy. The term refers to tropical and subtropical montane forests typically found between about 1000 and 3000 meters above sea level, though elevations vary by region. The constant mist supports structurally complex vegetation, with prolific epiphyte layers of mosses, lichens, orchids, and bromeliads.

The cool, wet climate yields high rates of fog drip and moisture input, contributing to a lush understory and diverse fauna. Cloud forests harbor many endemic species and exhibit high levels of biodiversity and unique adaptations. Fauna includes various birds, amphibians, insects, and small mammals; many species depend on epiphytic moisture and dense canopy for foraging and breeding.

Distribution and climate: While concentrated in tropical regions of the Americas, Africa, and Asia, cloud forests also occur in temperate latitudes at high elevations. They are climate-sensitive; shifts in cloud base due to warming can reduce moisture input and degrade habitat, with cascading effects on biodiversity and hydrology.

Conservation: Cloud forests face threats from deforestation, agriculture, urbanization, and climate change. Protected areas, sustainable forestry, restoration of degraded forest, and ecotourism can support conservation. The ecosystem provides watershed protection, water regulation, carbon storage, and biodiversity refugia for regional climate resilience.