Mali

Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa. It covers about 1.24 million square kilometers, making it one of the largest countries in Africa by area. It is bordered by Algeria to the north, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Senegal, and Mauritania. The Niger River runs through the southern part, supporting agriculture and settlements.

Historically, the region was home to powerful empires, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, with the Mali Empire centered on Timbuktu and Gao during the medieval period. The area later became part of French Sudan during colonial rule and gained independence as the Republic of Mali in 1960.

Mali has experienced political instability in recent decades. After coups in 2020 and 2021, military-led transitional authorities have governed with international mediation; civilian institutions have struggled amid security challenges in the north and central regions.

The economy relies on agriculture, livestock, and mining. Cotton and gold are important exports, and the informal sector provides many jobs. Armed conflict and insecurity have disrupted production and trade, affecting development and public services.

The population is diverse, with ethnic groups including Bambara, Fulani, Songhai, and Tuareg. French is the official language; Bambara is widely spoken. Islam is the predominant religion. Mali is known for its rich musical and literary traditions and historic centers such as Timbuktu and Djenné.

Geographically, much of the country lies in the Sahel and Sahara, with landscapes ranging from scrubby savanna to desert. The country contains several UNESCO World Heritage sites that reflect its historical trading networks and urban architecture.