Ivory

Ivory is a dense, hard, pale material that comes primarily from the tusks of elephants. The term also applies to carved articles made from this material and to similar material produced by other animals, such as the tusks of mammoths, walruses, and narwhals. Fossil or “mammoth” ivory is still traded in some markets. The material is mainly dentin, a mineralized tissue, and is valued for its smooth texture, warm luster, and ability to take a high polish.

Historically, ivory has been used for sculpture, ornaments, and a wide range of functional objects. It has been highly prized for chess pieces, carved statues, piano keys, billiard balls, knife handles, and religious or ceremonial objects. Modern manufacturing and anti-poaching measures have reduced these uses, and many new instruments and decorative items now use substitutes such as plastics, resin, bone, or faux ivory.

Law and conservation: The international trade in elephant ivory is controlled under the CITES treaty, with a ban on most commercial trade since 1989 and subsequent domestic prohibitions in many countries. Some nations have allowed limited, tightly regulated sales or stockpile releases in limited circumstances, but overall enforcement and demand for illegal ivory remain ongoing concerns. Elephant populations have suffered from poaching driven by ivory demand, prompting ongoing conservation and anti-poaching efforts.

Current status: Ivory remains emblematic of cultural heritage and artistic craftsmanship, but ethical considerations and legal restrictions have transformed its production, use, and trade. Substitutes and stronger protections are now common in many markets, reducing the availability and perceived value of traditional ivory objects.