Malariadiagnostik

Malariadiagnostik refers to the methods and procedures used to identify and confirm malaria infection in patients. It encompasses a range of parasitological, serological, and molecular techniques that are applied in clinical, research, and public health settings. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment, surveillance, and control of malaria, especially in endemic regions where different Plasmodium species coexist.

Microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood smears remains the gold standard and is widely implemented in resource-limited settings. Thin smears allow species identification, whereas thick smears provide higher sensitivity for detecting low parasite densities. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), based on the detection of histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) or parasite lactate dehydrogenase, offer point-of-care solutions with minimal training requirements, though they may miss low-level infections and certain species such as P. vivax. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) provide superior sensitivity and specificity, enabling detection of submicroscopic infections and mixed-species infections; however, they require specialised equipment and expertise.

In addition to parasite detection, serological assays measuring antibodies against Plasmodium antigens can assess exposure and immune status in populations, contributing to epidemiological studies. Integration of diagnostic data with geographic information systems enhances mapping of transmission hotspots. Continued research aims to improve test accuracy, develop multiplex platforms, and expand affordable, high-throughput options, thereby strengthening malaria control programs worldwide.