Magneesium

Magneesium, commonly spelled magnesium, is a chemical element with the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is the lightest structural metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making up about 2.1% by mass. Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal in group 2.

It is a silvery-white metal that forms a thin oxide layer in air. It is highly reactive, especially with water, and burns with a bright white flame when ignited. Its density is 1.74 g/cm3; melting point 650°C; boiling point 1090°C. Common compounds include MgO, MgCl2, and MgSO4.

Natural sources include magnesite, dolomite, and seawater brines. Commercial production involves extracting Mg from seawater or brines, converting to MgCl2, and electrolytically reducing to metal.

Major uses are in lightweight alloys with aluminum for cars and aircraft, magnesium-based components in electronics, and as precursors for refractory materials. Magnesium compounds are used medically (laxatives, antacids) and as agricultural fertilizer.

Biologically, magnesium is an essential mineral for most organisms, serving as a cofactor in many enzymes and in energy production, DNA, and protein synthesis. In humans, adequate intake supports nerve function, muscle contraction, and bone health.

Discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy, magnesium was named after Magnesia in Greece. Handling requires care: metallic magnesium can ignite readily; store away from moisture and oxidizers. Magnesium oxide dust may irritate the respiratory tract.