Macrolidák

Macrolidák is a class of antibiotics commonly used to treat bacterial infections. They are characterized by a large macrocyclic lactone ring, which is typically 14, 15, or 16 atoms in size. This macrocyclic ring is bound to one or more deoxy sugars. The most well-known macrolides include erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin.

Macrolides function by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. They bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria, preventing the translocation of aminoacyl-tRNA and thus blocking the elongation of the polypeptide chain. This mechanism of action makes them bacteriostatic, meaning they inhibit bacterial growth rather than directly killing the bacteria. However, at higher concentrations, they can be bactericidal against certain organisms.

These antibiotics are effective against a range of Gram-positive bacteria, as well as some Gram-negative bacteria and atypical pathogens like Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Legionella. They are often prescribed for respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and sexually transmitted infections. Their use is particularly important for individuals allergic to penicillin.

Side effects of macrolides can include gastrointestinal upset such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Some macrolides can also interact with other medications by inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes, which can affect the metabolism of those drugs. Resistance to macrolides can develop in bacteria through various mechanisms, including target modification, enzymatic inactivation, and active efflux of the drug.