Lõppenud

Lõppenud is an Estonian adjective and past participle derived from the verb lõppema, meaning to end or finish. It describes something that has already come to an end, been concluded, or completed. In usage, lõppenud functions as an attributive modifier before a noun (lõppenud projekt, lõppenud aasta) and can also be used predicatively in sentences (Aasta oli lõppenud; Projekt on lõppenud).

The word emphasizes completion of a process, event, or time period. It is commonly applied to projects, negotiations, events, or financial periods, among other contexts, where the emphasis is that the action or duration has ended. Lõppenud is typically found in formal or written Estonian, but it also appears in everyday language when describing finished states.

Translations into English vary by context, with possible equivalents including ended, finished, concluded, or completed. The nuance is that the state described is the result of a past ending rather than ongoing activity.

Related terms include lõpp (end) and lõppema (to end). Lõppenud contrasts with ongoing or incomplete states expressed by other forms or participles, such as ongoing processes described with present participles.

See also: lõpp, lõppema, lõpptulemus (final result).