Lämpötilasäädely

Lämpötilasäädely, also known as thermoregulation, is the process by which living organisms maintain an internal temperature within a specific range. This is crucial for optimal physiological function, as enzymes and metabolic processes operate most efficiently within a narrow temperature band. Organisms can be broadly classified into two groups based on their thermoregulation strategies: endotherms and ectotherms.

Endotherms, often referred to as "warm-blooded," generate their own internal heat through metabolic processes. They possess mechanisms to conserve this heat, such as insulation (fur, feathers, fat) and physiological responses like shivering to increase heat production or vasodilation to release excess heat. Mammals and birds are classic examples of endotherms.

Ectotherms, or "cold-blooded" organisms, rely on external sources for heat. Their body temperature fluctuates with the environment. They regulate their temperature behaviorally, by seeking out warmer or cooler areas, basking in sunlight, or seeking shade. Reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates are primarily ectotherms.

The hypothalamus in the brain plays a central role in thermoregulation for many animals, acting as a thermostat. It receives temperature information from the body and triggers appropriate responses to either conserve heat or dissipate it, ensuring homeostasis. Disruptions to thermoregulation can lead to hyperthermia (overheating) or hypothermia (dangerously low body temperature), both of which can be life-threatening.