Lophodermium

Lophodermium is a genus of fungi in the order Phacidiales. These fungi are primarily known as plant pathogens, affecting a wide range of woody plants, especially conifers. The most conspicuous and characteristic feature of Lophodermium is its ascocarp, which is a stroma that erodes the host tissue as it develops. These stromata are typically black, glossy, and often appear as small, elongated or oval structures embedded within or on the surface of infected plant material, such as needles or leaves.

The life cycle of Lophodermium species often involves both sexual and asexual stages. The sexual spores (ascospores) are produced within the ascocarps, while asexual spores (conidia) may be produced from conidiomata. Many species overwinter on infected plant debris, releasing spores during moist conditions in the spring. Symptoms of infection can vary but often include needle cast, browning, chlorosis, and premature shedding of foliage.

Economically, Lophodermium can be significant in forestry and horticulture due to its ability to cause disease in commercially important trees like pines, spruces, and firs. Management strategies often focus on cultural practices such as sanitation, proper spacing of trees, and, in some cases, the use of fungicides. Identification of Lophodermium species typically relies on morphological characteristics of the ascocarps and spores, as well as molecular data.