ascocarp

An ascocarp, also known as an ascoma, is the fruiting body of fungi belonging to the phylum Ascomycota. This structure is specifically designed for the production and eventual release of sexual spores called ascospores. The formation of an ascocarp marks the sexual reproductive phase in the life cycle of many ascomycetes, including morels, truffles, and cup fungi.

The defining feature of an ascocarp is the presence of asci, which are microscopic, sac-like cells. Each ascus typically contains eight ascospores. These asci are not exposed individually but are organized within the protective tissue of the ascocarp. Based on its shape and the way the asci are arranged, an ascocarp is classified into one of several types.

The four main types are apothecia, which are cup-shaped or disc-like with exposed asci; perithecia, which are flask-shaped with a small opening for spore release; cleistothecia, which are completely closed, forcing the spores to be released by the structure's breakdown; and pseudothecia, which are similar to perithecia but form within a cushion of fungal tissue.

Ascocarps vary greatly in size, shape, and color, from the large, sponge-like morel to the tiny, embedded perithecia found on plant leaves causing diseases like powdery mildew. Their development allows the fungus to protect its developing spores from environmental hazards and to disperse them effectively, ensuring the survival and propagation of the species.