Lokalanestetikum

Lokalanestetikum, also known as local anesthetics, are medications that reversibly block nerve conduction, leading to a temporary loss of sensation in a specific area of the body. They achieve this by inhibiting the influx of sodium ions into nerve cells, which is essential for the generation and propagation of nerve impulses. This blockade prevents pain signals from reaching the central nervous system, resulting in numbness and pain relief.

The primary applications of local anesthetics are in minor surgical procedures, dental work, and pain management. They can be administered through various methods, including topical application to the skin or mucous membranes, infiltration into tissues, or injection near major nerves (nerve block). The choice of anesthetic and administration route depends on the procedure's nature, the desired duration of action, and the patient's medical condition.

Commonly used local anesthetics include lidocaine, bupivacaine, and procaine. Their effects can be enhanced and prolonged by co-administration with vasoconstrictors like epinephrine, which reduce local blood flow, thereby limiting systemic absorption of the anesthetic and extending its duration of action. While generally safe, local anesthetics can cause side effects, including allergic reactions, temporary nerve damage, and, in rare cases, systemic toxicity if absorbed into the bloodstream in large amounts. Proper administration and monitoring are crucial to minimize risks.